Oxygen as Essential but Potentially Harmful in Excess
Thomas, A., et al. (2022). Oxygen supplementation and hyperoxia in critically ill patients. Frontiers in Medicine.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2022.865354/full
Semler, M. W., et al. (2022). Oxygen saturation targets for critically ill adults receiving mechanical ventilation. New England Journal of Medicine.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2203297
Xu, F., et al. (2012). Effect of hypoxia and hyperoxia on cerebral blood flow, blood oxygenation, and oxidative metabolism. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1038/jcbfm.2012.93
Heyboer, M., et al. (2017). Hyperbaric oxygen therapy: side effects defined and quantified. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5467109/
Sadri, R. A., et al. (2022). Hyperbaric oxygen therapy complications. StatPearls.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470454/
Oxygen, Oxidative Stress, and the “Fuel and Fire” Concept
Lane, N. (2002). Oxygen: The Molecule That Made the World. Oxford University Press.
https://global.oup.com/academic/product/oxygen-9780198607839
Zhu, H., et al. (2016). Oxygen and oxygen toxicity: the birth of concepts. Annals of Translational Medicine.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5070806/
Carter, R. (2003). Oxygen toxicity and ageing. British Medical Journal review.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1126548/
Why the Body Does Not Store Oxygen but Does Store Carbon Dioxide
Magor Elliott, S. R. M., et al. (2021). Dynamic modeling of body oxygen and carbon dioxide stores. American Journal of Physiology.
https://journals.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00202.2020
WFSA Education Committee. Carbon dioxide transport and acid–base physiology.
https://resources.wfsahq.org/wp-content/uploads/CO2_transport.pdf
Ganong, W. F. Review of Medical Physiology. McGraw Hill. Carbon dioxide transport chapter.
https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com
Hyperventilation, Hypocapnia, and Respiratory Alkalosis
Sharma, S., et al. (2023). Hypocarbia. StatPearls.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493197/
Cleveland Clinic. Hyperventilation syndrome.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17752-hyperventilation-syndrome
Medscape. Respiratory alkalosis.
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301680-overview
The Bohr Effect and CO₂ as the Signal for Oxygen Release
Bohr, C., Hasselbalch, K., and Krogh, A. (1904). Influence of carbon dioxide on oxygen binding of blood.
English translation hosted by University of Delaware.
https://udel.edu/~jrandall/Bohr1904.pdf
Benner, A., et al. (2022). Physiology, Bohr effect. StatPearls.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482388/
West, J. B. (2019). Three classical papers in respiratory physiology by Christian Bohr. American Journal of Physiology.
https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajplung.00103.2019
Hyperoxia, Vasoconstriction, and Reduced Oxygen Utilization
Danger, A., et al. (2007). Hyperoxia induced tissue hypoxia.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17304245/
Thomas, A., et al. (2022). Oxygen supplementation and hyperoxia in critically ill patients.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2022.865354/full
Carbogen and Dual Gas Therapy
Sedlacik, J., et al. (2008). Influence of carbon dioxide on cerebral blood flow using carbogen. NeuroImage.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811908002670
Ashkanian, M., et al. (2009). Carbogen inhalation improves oxygen delivery in hypoperfused brain tissue. Brain Research.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19100725/
Stubbs, M., et al. (1998). Effects of carbogen breathing on tumor physiology. British Journal of Cancer.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2062902/
Historical Foundations: Priestley and Lavoisier
American Chemical Society. Joseph Priestley and the discovery of oxygen.
https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/priestleyoxygen.html
American Chemical Society. Antoine Lavoisier and the chemical revolution.
https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/lavoisier.html
West, J. B. (2013). Lavoisier and the chemical revolution. American Journal of Physiology.
https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajplung.00190.2013
Environmental Context of CO₂ as a “Global Threat”
IPCC Third Assessment Report. The carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide.
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar3/wg1/
Optional Further Reading for General Readers
Lane, N. Oxygen: The Molecule That Made the World.
https://global.oup.com/academic/product/oxygen-9780198607839
West, J. B. Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials.
https://shop.lww.com/Respiratory-Physiology/p/9781975159049
